Table 1 List of risk factor for mental health from the KiGGS studies
Risk factor | Instrument | Reference | Item/Scale Description | Time period | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level | |||||
Low birth weight | Self-constructed | Low birth weight < 2500 g (1), else (0) | T0 | Parent | |
Postnatal problems | Self-constructed | One or more problems like infection, adjustment (1), else (0) | T0 | Parent | |
Breastfeeding | Self-constructed | Partly to fully (1), never (0) | T0 | Parent | |
Chronic illness | Mini European Health Module (MEHM) | [79] | One or more illness like asthma, epilepsy or diabetes (1), else (0) | T0, T1 | Parent |
Self-efficacy | General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) | [80] | Within-person mean < 25% of distribution of sum scores (1), else (0) | T0, T1, T2 | Parent and Self |
Family level | |||||
Parental education | Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations classification (CASMIN) | [81] | Low education qualification (1), else (0) based on T0 or if missing T2 | T0, T2 | Parent |
Parental severe illness | Self-constructed | In case of stroke, heart attack or cancer (1), else (0) | T2 | Self | |
Parental well-being | Personal Well-being index (PWI-A) | [82] | Sum score < 25% of distribution; low (1), else (0) | T2 | Parent |
Parental unemployment | Self-constructed | Present (1), else (0) | T0, T2 | Parent | |
Prenatal exposure to alcohol and tabacco | Self-constructed | Smoking or drinking during pregnancy (1), else (0) | T0 | Parent | |
Teenage mother | Self-constructed | Maternal age < 18 (1), else (0) | T0 | Parent | |
Parental divorce | Self-constructed | Parental divorce (1), else (0) | T2 | Parent | |
Family instability | Self-constructed | Not living with both parents at one of the three measurement times (1), else (0) | T0, T1, T2 | Parent and Self | |
Parental attention | Self-constructed | Frequency of a selection of eight joint activities such as playing, singing, or sports. Sum score < 25% of distribution; low (1) else (0) | T0 | Parent | |
Family size | Self-constructed | Number of siblings > = 2 (1), else (0) | T2 | Self | |
Parental stress | Adapted from [83] | Covering parental stressors e.g. family demands, household requirements, child-related stress, conflicts with current or former spouse or life partner, compatibility of family and work, and financial strain Sum score < 25% of distribution; high (1), else (0) | T2 | Parent | |
Family cohesion | Family climate scales (FKS) | [84] | Within-person mean < 25% of distribution; low (1), else (0) | T0, T1, T2 | Parent and Self |
Family dysfunction | Adapted from the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) | [85] | Either parent incarceration, drug/alcohol addiction, mental illness/suicide attempt of a household member (1), none (0) | T2 | Parent |
Parenting: warmth and support | Zurich Short Inventory for Parenting Behavior (ZKE) | [86] | Sum score < 25% of distribution; low (1), else (0) | T2 | Parent and Self |
Parenting: psychological pressure | Zurich Short Inventory for Parenting Behavior (ZKE) | [86] | Sum score > 25% of distribution; high (1), else (0) | T2 | Parent and Self |
Physical neglect or abuse | Childhood trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) | [87] | Never (0), sometimes to very often (1) | T2 | Self |
Emotional neglect or abuse | Childhood trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) | [87] | Never (0), sometimes to very often (1) | T2 | Self |
Sexual abuse | Childhood trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) | [87] | Never (0), sometimes to very often (1) | T2 | Self |
Social level | |||||
Well-being with peers | KINDL-R, Kidscreen-27 | [88] | Within-person mean < 25% of distribution of standardized scores (1) else (0) | T0, T2 | Parent and Self |
Well-being in school | KINDL-R, Kidscreen-27 | [88] | Within-person mean < 25% of distribution of standardized scores (1) else (0) | T0, T2 | Parent and Self |
Perceived social support | Social support scale | Within-person mean < 25% of distribution (1) else (0) | T0, T1, T2 | Parent and Self | |
Discrimination experiences | Adapted from German Youth Institute (DJI) Foreigners Survey | [89] | Any discrimination experience averaged across eight domains (i.e., race, gender, weight) sometimes to very often (1), never | T2 | Self |