Baumrind D: Effects of authoritative parental control on child behaviour. Child Dev. 1966, 37: 887-907. 10.2307/1126611.
Article
Google Scholar
Browne D, Odueyungbo A, Thabane L, Byrne C, Smart L: Parenting-by-gender interactions in child psychopathology: attempting to address inconsistencies with a Canadian national database. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2010, 4: 5-10.1186/1753-2000-4-5.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crawford-Brown C: The Impact of Parenting on conduct disorder in Jamaican male adolescents. Adolescence. 1999, 34: 417-437.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grantham-McGregor S, Landman J, Desai P: Child rearing in poor urban Jamaica. Child Care Health Dev. 1983, 9: 57-71. 10.1111/j.1365-2214.1983.tb00304.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lempers JD, Clarke-Lempers D, Simons RL: Economic Hardship, Parenting, and Distress in Adolescence. Child Dev. 1989, 60: 25-39. 10.2307/1131068.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liem JH, Cavell EC, Lusting K: The influence of authoritative parenting during adolescence on depressive symptoms in young adulthood: Examining the mediating roles of self-development and peer support. J Genet Psychol. 2010, 17: 73-92.
Article
Google Scholar
Smith DE, Springer CM, Barrett S: Physical discipline and socioemotional adjustment among Jamaican adolescents. J Family Violence. 2011, 26: 51-61. 10.1007/s10896-010-9341-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Berkien M, Louwerse A, Verhulst F, Ende J: Children's perceptions of dissimilarity in parenting styles are associated with internalizing and externalizing behavior. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012, 21: 79-85. 10.1007/s00787-011-0234-9.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bolkan C, Sano Y, De Costa J, Acock AC, Day RD: Early Adolescents' Perceptions of Mothers' and Fathers' Parenting Styles and Problem Behavior. Marriage & Family Review. 2010, 46: 563-579. 10.1080/01494929.2010.543040.
Article
Google Scholar
Gfroerer KP, Kern RM, Curlette WL, White J, Jonyniene J: Parenting Style and Personality: Perceptions of Mothers, Fathers, and Adolescents. J Individ Psychol. 2011, 67: 57-73.
Google Scholar
McKinney C, Donnelly R, Renk K: Perceived Parenting, Positive and Negative Perceptions of Parents, and Late Adolescent Emotional Adjustment. Child & Adolescent Mental Health. 2008, 13: 66-73. 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2007.00452.x.
Article
Google Scholar
van Zalk N, Kerr M: Shy Adolescents' Perceptions of Parents' Psychological Control and Emotional Warmth: Examining Bidirectional Links. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 2011, 57: 375-401. 10.1353/mpq.2011.0021.
Article
Google Scholar
Behnke A, Plunkett S, Sands T, Bímaca-Colbert M: The Relationship Between Latino Adolescents' Perceptions of Discrimination, Neighborhood Risk, and Parenting on Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms. J Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2011, 42: 1179-1197. 10.1177/0022022110383424.
Article
Google Scholar
Smith DE, Mosby G: Jamaican child-rearing practices: the role of corporal punishment. Adolescence. 2003, 38: 369-381.
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Connor TG, Scott SBC: Parenting and outcomes for children. 2007, York, England: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Google Scholar
Brown J, Johnson S: Childrearing and child participation in Jamaican families. Int J Early Years Edu. 2008, 16: 31-40. 10.1080/09669760801892110.
Article
Google Scholar
Samms-Vaughan ME, Williams S, Brown J: Disciplinary practices among parents of six year olds in Jamaica. Caribbean Childhoods: From Research to Action. 2005, Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, 56-81.
Google Scholar
Steinberg L, Lamborn SD, Darling N, Mounts NS, Dornbusch SM: Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful families. Child Dev. 1994, 65: 754-770. 10.2307/1131416.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shaw SK, Dallos R: Attachment and adolescent depression: the impact of early attachment experiences. Attach Hum Dev. 2005, 7: 409-424. 10.1080/14616730500365902.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Murray CJL, Lopez AD: The global burden of disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. 1996, Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health
Google Scholar
Wright E, Samms-Vaughan ME: The economic impact of mental illness. Images of Psychiatry- The Caribbean. Edited by: Hickling FW, Sorel E. 2005, Kingston, Jamaica: Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, The University of the West Indies, 273-295.
Google Scholar
World Bank: Country and lending groups. 2012
Google Scholar
Lipps GE, Lowe GA, Morris A, Halliday S, Clarke N, Wilson RN: School factors associated with depression in a Jamaican high school cohort. J Black Psychology. 2009, 36 (3): 369-380.
Article
Google Scholar
Lowe GA, Lipps GE, Young R: Factors Associated with Depression Among Students of the University of the West Indies - Mona. West Indian Medical J. 2009, 58: 21-27.
CAS
Google Scholar
Lowe GA, Lipps G, Halliday S, Morris A, Clarke N, Wilson RN: Depressive symptoms among fourth form students in St. Kitts and Nevis high schools. Scientific World J. 2009, 28: 149-157.
Article
Google Scholar
Maharaj RJ, Alli F, Cumberbatch K, Laloo P, Mohammed S, Ramesar A, Rampersad N, Roopnarinesingh N, Ramtahal I: Depression among Adolescents, Aged 13–19 Years, Attending Secondary Schools in Trinidad: Prevalence and Associated Factors. West Indian Medical J. 2008, 57: 352-359.
CAS
Google Scholar
Statistical Institute of Jamaica: Jamaica Population and Housing Census.http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx.
Statistics Bahamas: All Bahamas Medium Projection Tables. 2000,http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/093911800.pdf, –2030.
Google Scholar
The World Factbook.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
Bohatyretz S, Lipps GE: Diversity in the Classroom: Characteristics of elementary students receiving special education. Educ Q Rev. 2000, 6: 7-19.
Google Scholar
Evans H: Streaming and its effects on students. Inside Jamaican Schools. Edited by: Evans H. 2001, Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 90-104.
Google Scholar
Ministry of Education: What is the Grade Six Achievement Test (GSAT)?. 2009
Google Scholar
Miller E: Jamaican Society and High Schooling. 1990, Kingston
Google Scholar
St Andrews High School: About Us.http://www.standrewsbahamas.com/about-us/about-us.php.
U.S. Department of State: Background Note: The Bahamas.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htm.
Encyclopedia of the Nations: The Bahamas - Education.http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/The-Bahamas-EDUCATION.html.
Encyclopedia of the Nations: St. Kitts and Nevis - Education.http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/St-Kitts-and-Nevis-EDUCATION.html.
Lipps G, Lowe GA, Halliday S, Morris A, Clarke N, Wilson RN: The Association of Academic Streaming to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Across Three Caribbean Countries. Child & Adolescent Mental Health. 2010, 4: 1-10. 10.1186/1753-2000-4-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK: BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. 1996, New York: Harcourt Brace
Google Scholar
Skorikov VB, Vandervoort DJ: Relationships Between The Underlying Constructs Of The Beck Depression Inventory And The Center For Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Educ Psychol Meas. 2003, 63: 319-335. 10.1177/0013164402251035.
Article
Google Scholar
Kumar G, Steer R, Teitelman K, Villacis L: Effectiveness of the Beck Depression Inventory-II subscale in screening for Major Depressive Disorders in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients. Assessment. 2002, 9: 164-170. 10.1177/10791102009002007.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lipps GE, Lowe GA: Validation of the Brief Screen for Depression in a Jamaican cohort. West Indian Medical J. 2006, 55: 425-429.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lipps GE, Lowe GA, Young R: Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a Jamaican university student cohort. West Indian Medical J. 2007, 56: 404-408.
CAS
Google Scholar
Byrne BM, Campbell TL: Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: a look beneath the surface. J Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1999, 30: 555-574. 10.1177/0022022199030005001.
Article
Google Scholar
Lau S, Chan D, Lau PSY: Facets of loneliness and depression among Chinese children and adolescents. J Soc Psychol. 1999, 139: 713-729. 10.1080/00224549909598251.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schaefer ES: Children's Reports of Parental Behavior: An Inventory. Child Dev. 1965, 36: 413-424. 10.2307/1126465.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roberts GC, Block JH, Block J: Continuity and Change in Parents' Child-Rearing Practices. Child Dev. 1984, 55: 586-597. 10.2307/1129970.
Article
Google Scholar
Fotti SA, Katz LY, Afifi TO, Cox BJ: The Associations Between Peer and Parental Relationships and Suicidal Behaviours in Early Adolescents. Canadian J Psychiatry. 2006, 51: 698-703.
Google Scholar
Thurston S, Paul L, Loney P, Wong M, Browne G: The Quality of Life of a Multidiagnosis Group of Special Needs Children: Associations and Costs. Int J Pediatrics 2010. 2010
Google Scholar
Meeks-Gardner JM, Powell CA, Grantham-McGregor SM: Determinants of Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour Among Jamaican Schoolboys. West Indian Medical J. 2007, 56: 34-41.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Byrne BM, Baron P, Larsson B, Melin L: Measuring depression for Swedish nonclinical adolescents: factorial validity and equivalence of the Beck Depression Inventory across gender. Scand J Psychol. 1996, 37: 37-45. 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00637.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Eamon MK: Influences and Mediators of the Effect of Poverty on Young Adolescent Depressive Symptoms. J Youth & Adolescence. 2002, 31: 231-10.1023/A:1015089304006.
Article
Google Scholar
Jenkins S, Goodness K, Buhrmester D: Gender Differences in Early Adolescents' Relationship Qualities, Self-Efficacy, and Depression Symptoms. J Early Adolescence. 2002, 22: 277-309. 10.1177/02731602022003003.
Article
Google Scholar
Lewinsohn PM, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Rohde P, Gotlib IH, Hops H: Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 1994, 103: 302-315.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Hibbard J, Rohde P, Sack WH: Cross-sectional and prospective relationships between physical morbidity and depression in older adolescents. J Am Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996, 35: 1120-1129. 10.1097/00004583-199609000-00009.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR: Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev. 1998, 18: 765-794. 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00010-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lowe GA, Lipps GE, Abel W: Depression Among Fourth-Form Students in Three High Schools in Kingston, Jamaica. Caribbean J Psychology. 2005, 2: 32-49.
Google Scholar
Lowe GA, Lipps GE, Halliday S, Morris A, Clarke N, Wilson RN: Depressive Symptoms among Fourth Form Students in St. Kitts and Nevis High Schools. The Scientific World J: Child Health & Human Dev. 2009, 9: 149-157.
Article
Google Scholar
Martikainen P, Adda J, Ferrie J, Davey-Smith G, Marmot M: Effects of Income and Wealth on GHQ Depression and Poor Self-Rated Health in White Collar Women and Men in the Whtiehall II Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003, 57: 718-723. 10.1136/jech.57.9.718.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
West P, Sweeting H: Fifteen, female and stressed: changing patterns of psychological distress over time. J Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 2003, 44: 399-411. 10.1111/1469-7610.00130.
Article
Google Scholar
Morgan KA, Brodie-Walker SN: Impact of environment and behaviour on self-esteem in Jamaican adolescent girls. West Indian Medical J. 2008, 57: 470-475.
CAS
Google Scholar
VanVoorhis-Wilson CR, Blumentritt TL: Psychometric properties of the beck depression inventory-II in a clinically-identified sample of mexican american adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2007, 16: 789-798. 10.1007/s10826-006-9125-y.
Article
Google Scholar
Anderson BJ, Edelestien SJ, Walders-Abramson N, Levitt-Katz L, Yasuda P, Lavietes SJ, Trief P, Toleffson S, Vuldapoom-McKay S, Kringas P, et al: Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes: Baseline data from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2011, 34: 2205-2007. 10.2337/dc11-0431.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pranjic N, Bajraktarevic A: Depression and suicide ideation among secondary school adolescents involved in school bullying. Primary Health Care Res & Dev. 2010, 11: 349-362. 10.1017/S1463423610000307.
Article
Google Scholar
Iosue M, Carli V, D'Aulerio M, Basilico F, Di Domenico A, Recchia L, Wasserman C, Hoven C, Sarchiapone M, Wasserman D: P-1426 - Depression and suicidal ideation among italian adolescents. Preliminary results from the SEYLE project [abstract]. Eur Psychiatry. 2012, 27: 1.
Article
Google Scholar
Goverment of Jamaica: National Statement of the Jamaican Delegation to 2nd Ministerial Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development.
Hankin B, Abramson L, Moffit T, Silva P, McGee R, Angell K: Development of Depression from Preadolescence to Young Adulthood: Emerging Gender Differences in a 10-Year Longitudinal Study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998, 107: 128-140.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Caricom Commission on Youth Development: Eye on the Future: Investing in youth now for tommorrow's community. 2010
Google Scholar
Crawford-Brown C: Parenting in the Jamaican Society. Who Will Save Our Children?. Edited by: Crawford-Brown C. 1999, Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe, 91-116.
Google Scholar
Leo-Rhynie E: Class, race and gender issues in child rearing in the Caribbean. Caribbean families: Diversity among ethnic groups. Edited by: Roopnarine JL, Brown J. 1997, Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex, 25-55.
Google Scholar
O'Connor TG, Scott SBC: Parenting and Outcomes for Children. 2007
Google Scholar
Statistical Office: St. Vincent and the Grenadines Population and Housing Census Report 2001. 2001, Kingstown: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Google Scholar
UNICEF: Roving Caregivers - Providing Early Childhood Care and Stimulation Right at Home!. 2012, UNICEF
Google Scholar
UNICEF: The State of the World's Children.http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/latinamerica.html.
Chevannes B, Brown J: Why man stay so: An examination of gender socialization in the Caribbean. 1998, Kingston, Jamaica: Caribbean Child Development Centre, The University of the West Indies
Google Scholar
United Nations Children's Fund: Situational Analysis on Gender Disparities in Jamaica. 2007, Geneva, Switzerland: UNICEF
Google Scholar