Fiscella K, Kitzman HJ, Cole RE, Sidora KJ, Olds D: Does child abuse predict adolescent pregnancy?. Pediatrics. 1998, 101: 620-624.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lesser J, Koniak-Griffin D, Gonzalez-Figueroa E, Huang R, Cumberland WG: Childhood abuse history and risk behaviors among teen parents in a culturally rooted, couple-focused HIV prevention program. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2007, 18: 18-27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brems C, Johnson ME, Neal D, Freemon M: Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2005, 30: 799-821.
Article
Google Scholar
Duke NN, Pettingell SL, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW: Adolescent violence perpetration: associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics. 2010, 125: e778-e786.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farrington DP: Key results from the first forty years of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Taking Stock of Delinquency: An Overview of Findings from Contemporary Longitudinal Studies. Edited by: Thornberry TP, Krohn MD. 2003, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, 137-183.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Farrington DP, Coid J, West DJ: The development of offending from age 8 to age 50: recent results from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Monatsschr Kriminol. 2009, 92: 160-173.
Google Scholar
Hawkins JD, Herrenkohl T, David Farrington P, Brewer D, Catalano RF, Harachi TW, Cothern L: Predictors of youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. 2000, Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice
Google Scholar
Sampson RJ, Laub JH: A life-course view of the development of crime. Ann Am Acad Polit SS. 2005, 602: 12-45.
Article
Google Scholar
Simons RL, Burt CH: Learning to be bad: adverse social conditions, social schemas, and crime. Criminology. 2011, 49: 553-598.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gerson R, Rappaport N: Traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder in youth: recent research findings on clinical impact, assessment, and treatment. J Adolesc Health. 2013, 52: 137-143.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mugisha F, Arinaitwe-Mugisha J, Hagembe BON: Alcohol, substance and drug use among urban slum adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. Cities. 2003, 20: 231-240.
Article
Google Scholar
Kabiru CW, Beguy D, Crichton J, Ezeh AC: Self-reported drunkenness among adolescents in four sub-Saharan African countries: associations with adverse childhood experiences. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2010, 4: 17.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fergus S, Zimmerman MA: Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005, 26: 399-419.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jessor R: Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action. J Adolesc Health. 1991, 12: 597-605.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Growing up Urban: State of World Population 2007 - Youth Supplement. 2007, New York: UNFPA
Google Scholar
Ompad D, Galea S, Caiaffa W, Vlahov D: Social determinants of the health of urban populations: methodologic considerations. J Urban Health. 2007, 84: 42-53.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Costa FM, Jessor R, Turbin MS, Dong Q, Zhang H, Wang C: The role of social contexts in adolescence: context protection and context risk in the United States and China. Appl Dev Sci. 2005, 9: 67-85.
Article
Google Scholar
Jessor R, Turbin MS, Costa FM, Dong Q, Zhang H, Wang C: Adolescent problem behavior in China and the United States: a cross-national study of psychosocial protective factors. J Res Adolesc. 2003, 13: 329-360.
Article
Google Scholar
Olsson CA, Bond L, Burns JM, Vella-Brodrick DA, Sawyer SM: Adolescent resilience: a concept analysis. J Adolesc. 2003, 26: 1-11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buckner JC, Mezzacappa E, Beardslee WR: Characteristics of resilient youths living in poverty: the role of self-regulatory processes. Dev Psychopathol. 2003, 15: 139-162.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC): Population and Health Dynamics in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements: Report of the Nairobi Cross-sectional Slums Survey (NCSS) 2000. 2002, Nairobi: APHRC
Google Scholar
African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC): Policy and Program Issues Emerging from APHRC’s Education Research in Urban Informal Settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. 2008, Nairobi: APHRC
Google Scholar
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT): The State of African Cities 2008 - A Framework for Addressing Urban Challenges in Africa. 2008, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT
Google Scholar
Emina J, Beguy D, Zulu EM, Ezeh AC, Muindi K, Elung’ata P, Otsola JK, Ye Y: Monitoring of health and demographic outcomes in poor urban settlements: evidence from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System. J Urban Health. 2011, 88: s200-s218.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beguy D, Bocquier P, Zulu EM: Circular migration patterns and determinants in Nairobi slum settlements. Demographic Res. 2010, 23: 549-586.
Article
Google Scholar
World Health Organization: The Second Decade: Improving Adolescent Health and Development. 2001, Geneva: World Health Organization
Google Scholar
Cape Area Panel Study questionnaires. [http://www.caps.uct.ac.za/quest_waves.html]
National Study of Youth and Religion: NSYR W1 National Telephone Survey. 2002, Notre Dame, Indiana: National Study of Youth and Religion, [http://youthandreligion.nd.edu/research-design/]
Google Scholar
Jessor R, Costa FM, Turbin MS: Adolescent health and development questionnaire. 2002, Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado
Google Scholar
Armour S, Haynie D: Adolescent sexual debut and later delinquency. J Youth Adolescence. 2007, 36: 141-152.
Article
Google Scholar
Aalsma MC, Tong Y, Wiehe SE, Tu W: The impact of delinquency on young adult sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infections. J Adolesc Health. 2010, 46: 17-24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ndugwa R, Kabiru C, Cleland J, Beguy D, Egondi T, Zulu E, Jessor R: Adolescent problem behavior in Nairobi’s informal settlements: applying problem behavior theory in sub-Saharan Africa. J Urban Health. 2011, 88: s298-s317.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crocker L, Algina J: Introduction to Classical and Modern Test Theory. 1986, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Google Scholar
Dube SR, Miller JW, Brown DW, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Anda RF: Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. J Adolesc Health. 2006, 38: 444 e441-410.
Article
Google Scholar
Borawski EA, Ievers-Landis CE, Lovegreen LD, Trapl ES: Parental monitoring, negotiated unsupervised time, and parental trust: the role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors. J Adolesc Health. 2003, 33: 60-70.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sinha JW, Cnaan RA, Gelles RJ: Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: findings from a national study. J Adolesc. 2007, 30: 231-249.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Donnellan MB, Trzesniewski KH, Robins RW, Moffitt TE, Caspi A: Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychol Sci. 2005, 16: 328-335.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li X, Wong W, Lamoureux EL, Wong TY: Are linear regression techniques appropriate for analysis when the dependent (outcome) variable is not normally distributed?. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012, 53: 3082-3083.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corporation S: Stata/SE 12 for Windows. 2011, TX StataCorp LP: College Station
Google Scholar
Betancourt TS, Meyers-Ohki S, Stulac SN, Elizabeth Barrera A, Mushashi C, Beardslee WR: Nothing can defeat combined hands (Abashize hamwe ntakibananira): protective processes and resilience in Rwandan children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. Soc Sci Med. 2011, 73: 693-701.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prinz R, Sanders M, Shapiro C, Whitaker D, Lutzker J: Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: the U.S. Triple P System Population Trial. Prev Sci. 2009, 10: 1-12.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Losel F, Farrington DP: Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. Am J Prev Med. 2012, 43: S8-s23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petts RJ: Family and religious characteristics’ influence on delinquency trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood. Am Sociol Rev. 2009, 74: 465-483.
Article
Google Scholar
Muller C, Ellison CG: Religious involvement, social capital, and adolescents’ academic progress: evidence from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Sociol Focus. 2001, 34: 155-183.
Article
Google Scholar
Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life: Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa. 2010, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center
Google Scholar
Gyimah SO, Kodzi I, Emina J, Adjei J, Ezeh A: Adolescent sexual risk-taking in the informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: understanding the contributions of religion. J Relig Health. 2014, 53: 13-26.
Article
Google Scholar
Gyimah SO, Kodzi I, Emina J, Cofie N, Ezeh A: Religion, religiosity and premarital sexual attitudes of young people in the informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. J Biosoc Sci. 2013, 45: 13-29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kabiru CW, Mojola SA, Beguy D, Okigbo C: Growing up at the ‘margins’: concerns, aspirations, and expectations of young people living in Nairobi’s slums. J Res Adolescence. 2013, 23: 81-94.
Article
Google Scholar
Puffer ES, Watt MH, Sikkema KJ, Ogwang-Odhiambo RA, Broverman SA: The protective role of religious coping in adolescents’ responses to poverty and sexual decision-making in rural Kenya. J Res Adolesc. 2012, 22: 1-7.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wikström P-OH: Crime propensity, criminogenic exposure and crime involvement in early to mid adolesence. Monatsschr Kriminol. 2009, 92: 253-266.
Google Scholar
Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, Maynard BR: Buffering effects of religiosity on crime: testing the invariance hypothesis across gender and developmental period. Crim Justice Behav. 2014, 41: 673-691.
Article
Google Scholar
Ethier KA, Kershaw TS, Lewis JB, Milan S, Niccolai LM, Ickovics JR: Self-esteem, emotional distress and sexual behavior among adolescent females: inter-relationships and temporal effects. J Adolesc Health. 2006, 38: 268-274.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kling KC, Hyde JS, Showers CJ, Buswell BN: Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999, 125: 470-500.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar