Kessler R, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas K, Walters E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Balazs J, Miklosi M, Kereszteny A, Hoven CW, Carli V, Wasserman C, et al. Adolescent subthreshold-depression and anxiety: psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54(6):670–7. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12016.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sandseter EB, Kennair LE. Children’s risky play from an evolutionary perspective: the anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolut Psychol. 2011;9(2):257–84. doi:10.1177/147470491100900212.
Google Scholar
Bateson M, Brilot B, Nettle D. Anxiety: an evolutionary approach. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(12):707–15. doi:10.1177/070674371105601202.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Essau CA, Lewinsohn PM, Olaya B, Seeley JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. J Affect Disord. 2014;163:125–32. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.033.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Copeland WE, Angold A, Shanahan L, Costello EJ. Longitudinal patterns of anxiety from childhood to adulthood: the great Smoky Mountains study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(1):21–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.017.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kanwar A, Malik S, Prokop LJ, Sim LA, Feldstein D, Wang Z, et al. The association between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression Anxiety. 2013;30(10):917–29. doi:10.1002/da.22074.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jorg F, Ormel J, Reijneveld S, Jansen D, Verhulst F, Oldehinkel A. Puzzling findings in studying the outcome of “real world” adolescent mental health services: the TRAILS study. PLoS. 2012;7(9):e44704. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044704.
Article
Google Scholar
Gadermann A, Alonso J, Vilagut G, Zaslavsky A, Kessler R. Comorbidity and disease burden in the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Depression Anxiety. 2012;29(9):797–806. doi:10.1002/da.21924.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Erskine H, Moffitt T, Copeland W, Costello E, Ferrari A, Patton G, et al. A heavy burden on young minds: the global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1551–63. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002888.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). Findings from the global burden of disease. 2017. http://www.healthdata.org/child-health.
Theunissen MJ, Bosma H, Verdonk P, Feron F. Why wait? Early determinants of school dropout in preventive pediatric primary care. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142315. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142315.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lemma P, Borraccino A, Berchialla P, Dalmasso P, Charrier L, Vieno A, et al. Well-being in 15-year-old adolescents: a matter of relationship with school. J Public Health. 2015;37(4):573–80. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdu095.
Google Scholar
Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Paulus MP, Brown JL. Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood disorder? J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl):18–28.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weidle B, Jozefiak T, Ivarsson T, Thomsen PH. Quality of life in children with OCD with and without comorbidity. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12(152):1–12.
Google Scholar
Freeman AJ, Youngstrom EA, Michalak E, Siegel R, Meyers OI, Findling RL. Quality of life in pediatric bipolar disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e446–52. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0841.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Becker A, Rossner V, Breuer D, Döpfner M, Trothenberger A. Relationship between quality of life and psychopathological profile: data from an observational study in children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(2):267–75. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0204-2.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Neuner B, Mackensen S, Krümpel A, Manner D, Friefeld S, Nixdorf S, et al. Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with stroke, self-reports, and parent/proxies reports: cross-sectional investigation. Pediatric Stroke. 2011;70:70–8.
Google Scholar
Ravens-Sieberer U, Biullinger M. Assessing health related quality of life in chronically ill children with the German KINDL: first psychometric and content analytical results. Qual Life Res. 1998;1998(7):399–407. doi:10.1023/A:1008853819715.
Article
Google Scholar
Hornquist JO. Quality of life: concept and assessment. Scand J Soc Med. 1990;18(1):69–79. doi:10.1177/140349489001800111.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHOQOL. The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med. 1995;41(10):1403–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Post M. Definitions of quality of life: what has happened and how to move on. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2014;20(3):167–80. doi:10.1310/sci2003-167.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rajmil L, Palacio-Vieira J, Herdman M, Lopez-Aguila S, Villalonga-Olives E, Valderas J, et al. Effect on health-related quality of life of changes in mental health in children and adolescents. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7:103. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-103.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Michel G, Bisegger C, Fuhr DC, Abel T, KIDSCREEN group. Age and gender differences in health-related quality of life of children and adolescents in Europe: a multilevel analysis. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(9):1147–57. doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9538-3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kinderman P, Schwannauer M, Pontin E, Tai S. Psychological processes mediate the impact of familial risk, social circumstances and life events on mental health. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e76564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076564.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Loh DA, Moy FM, Zaharan NL, Mohamed Z. Disparities in health-related quality of life among healthy adolescents in a developing country – the impact of gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status and weight status. Child Care Health Dev. 2015;41(6):1216–26. doi:10.1111/cch.12252.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hjern A, Rajmil L, Bergström M, Berlin M, Gustafsson P, Modin B. Migrant density and well-being—a national school survey of 15-year-olds in Sweden. Eur J Pub Health. 2013; doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt106.
Google Scholar
Ottová-Jordan V, Smith O, Augustine L, Gobina I, Rathmann K, Torsheim T, et al. Trends in self-rated health in European and North-American adolescents from 2002 to 2010 in 32 countries. Eur J Pub Health. 2015;25:83–9. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv033.
Article
Google Scholar
Cavallo F, Dalmasso P, Ottová-Jordan V, Brooks F, Mazur J, Välimaa R, Gobina I, de Matos MG, Raven-Sieberer U, Positive Health Focus Group. Trends in self-rated health in European and North-American adolescents from 2002 to 2010 in 32 countries. Eur J Pub Health. 2015;25:13–5. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv011.
Article
Google Scholar
Holly L, Little M, Pina A, Caterino L. Assessment of anxiety symptoms in school children: a cross-sex and ethnic examination. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(2):297–309. doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9907-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Boe T, Sivertsen B, Heiervang E, Goodman R, Lundervild AJ, Hysing M. Socioeconomic status and child mental health: the role of parental emotional well-being and parenting practices. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(5):705–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stevanovic D. Impact of emotional and behavioral symptoms on quality of life in children and adolescents. Qual Life Res. 2013; doi:10.1007/s11136-012-0158-y.
Google Scholar
Raphael J, Paul K. Psychological well-being and anxiety among adolescents analysis along wellness: illness continnum. Int J Innov Res Dev. 2014;3:395–401.
Google Scholar
Hoff A, Kendall P, Langley A, Ginsburg G, Keeton C, Compton S, et al. Developmental differences in functioning in youth with social phobia. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015; doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1079779.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jarcho JM, Romar AL, Shechner T, Galvan A, Guyer AE, Leibenluft E, et al. Forgetting the best when predicting the worst: preliminary observations on neural circuit function in adolescent social anxiety. Dev Cognit Neurosci. 2015;13:21–31.
Article
Google Scholar
Stiffman AR, Stelk W, Horwitz SM, Evans ME, Outlaw FH, Atkins M. A public health approach to children’s mental health services: possible solutions to current service inadequacies. Admin Policy Mental Health Mental Health. 2010;37(1–2):120–4. doi:10.1007/s10488-009-0259-2.
Article
Google Scholar
Major E, Dalgard O, Mathisen K, Nord E, Ose S, Rognerud M, et al. Bedre føre var (Better safe than sorry). Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet; 2011.
Google Scholar
WHO. Prevention of mental disorders: Effective interventions and policy options; 2004. http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf.
WHO. Preventing suicide. A global imperative; 2014. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131056/1/9789241564779_eng.pdf.
Sawyer S, Afifi R, Bearinger L, Blakemore S, Dick B, Ezeh A, et al. Adolescence: a foundation for future health. Lancet. 2012;379(9826):1630–40. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60072-5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crocetti E, Klimstra T, Keijsers L, Hale WW, Meeus W. Anxiety trajectories and identity development in adolescence: a five-wave longitudinal study. J Youth Adolesc. 2009; doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9302-y.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salloum A, Johnco C, Lewin AB, McBride NM, Storch EA. Barriers to access and participation in community mental health treatment for anxious children. J Affect Disord. 2016;196:54–61. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.026.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chavira D, Stein M, Bailey K, Stein M. Child anxiety in primary care: prevalent but untreated. Depression Anxiety. 2004;20(4):155–64. doi:10.1002/da.20039.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spence S. A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36:545–66. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00034-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spence S. Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. 2017. http://www.scaswebsite.com.
Jozefiak T, Reinfjell T. Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Kinder Lebensqualität Fragebogen (KINDL®). PsykTestBarn. 2012;2:2.
Google Scholar
Serra-Sutton V, Ferrer M, Luis R, Tebé C, Simeoni MC, Ravens-Sieberer U. Population norms and cut-off-points for suboptimal health related quality of life in two generic measures for adolescents: the Spanish VSP-A and KINDL-R. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009; doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-35.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Solberg ME, Olweus D. Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus bully victim questionnaire. Aggress Behav. 2003;29(3):239–68. doi:10.1002/ab.10047.
Article
Google Scholar
Nordanger D, Hysing M, Posserud M, Lundervold A, Jakobsen R, Olff M, et al. Posttraumatic responses to the July 22, 2011 Oslo Terror Among Norwegian High School Students. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(6):679–85. doi:10.1002/jts.21856.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tabechnick B, Fidell L. Using Multivariate Statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson Education; 2013.
Google Scholar
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc; 1988.
Google Scholar
Sayal K, Tiscler V, Coope C, Robotham S, Ashworth M, Day C. Parental help-seeking in primary care for child and adolescent mental health concerns: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010; doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.081448.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bodden D, Dirksen C, Bögels S. Societal burden of clinically anxious youth referred for treatment: a cost-of-illness study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008;36(4):487–97. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9194-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lau E, Rapee R. Prevention of anxiety disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2011;13:258–66. doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0199-x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stockings E, Degenhardt L, Dobbins T, Lee Y, Erskine H, Whiteford H, et al. Preventing depression and anxiety in young people: joint efficacy of universal, selective and indicated prevention. Psychol Med. 2016;46(1):11–26. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001725.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weare K, Nind M. Mental health promotion and problem prevention in schools: what does the evidence say? Health Promot Int. 2011;26:29–69. doi:10.1093/heapro/dar075.
Article
Google Scholar
Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elgar F, McKinnon B, Torsheim T, Schnohr C, Mazur J, Cavallo F, et al. Patterns of socioeconomic inequality in adolescent health differ according to the measure of socioeconomic position. Soc Indic Res. 2016;127(3):1169–80. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0994-6.
Article
Google Scholar
Arendt K, Hougaard E, Thastum M. Psychometric properties of the child and parent versions of Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale in a Danish community and clinical sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28:947–56. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.021.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rubin A, Babbie E. Research Methods for Social Work. 3rd ed. Belmont: Books Cole; 2008.
Google Scholar
Tigges B. Parental consent and adolescent risk behavior research. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2003;35:283–9. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2003.00283.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakken A. Ungdata. Nasjonale resultater 2016, NOVA Rapport 8/16; 2016.